[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2012},["ShallowReactive",2],{"library-ba-fei-te-2010nian-juan-zeng-shi-yan-ji-hua":3,"library-sidebar-buffett":476,"library-sidebar-dao":1478,"library-sidebar-models":1780},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"category":462,"date":463,"description":464,"extension":465,"meta":466,"navigation":467,"order":468,"path":469,"seo":470,"seoDescription":464,"seoTitle":471,"slug":472,"stem":473,"__hash__":474,"_collection":475},"buffett\u002Fbuffett\u002Finterview\u002Fba-fei-te-2010nian-juan-zeng-shi-yan-ji-hua.md","巴菲特：2010年\"捐赠誓言\"计划",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":458},"minimark",[9,13,18,22,52,55,85,88,91,94,97,100,103,106,112,115,118,121,124,127,130,133,136,139,142,145,148,151,154,157,160,163,166,169,172,175,178,181,184,187,190,193,196,199,202,205,208,211,214,217,220,223,226,229,232,235,238,241,244,247,250,253,256,259,262,265,268,271,274,277,280,283,286,289,292,295,298,301,304,307,310,313,316,319,322,325,328,331,334,337,340,343,346,349,352,355,358,361,364,367,370,373,376,379,382,385,388,391,394,401,404,407,410,413,416,419,422,425,428,431,434,437,440,443,446,449,452,455],[10,11,5],"h1",{"id":12},"巴菲特2010年捐赠誓言计划",[14,15,17],"h2",{"id":16},"巴菲特捐赠誓言计划2010","巴菲特：\"捐赠誓言\"计划2010",[19,20,21],"p",{},"2010 年6 月16 日",[23,24,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49],"blockquote",{},[19,26,27],{},"伯克希尔哈撒韦公司董事长兼CEO 沃伦巴菲特，以及比尔梅琳达盖茨基金会的联合主席比尔盖茨和梅琳达盖茨，在此次电视节目中，唯一一次专门介绍他们向美国最富有的人发起的挑战，即让他们承诺将一半的财富捐赠给他们关心的事业。",[19,29,30],{},"2006 年6 月26 日采访片段：",[19,32,33],{},"巴菲特：这是我一直以来的计划。我和妻子苏珊早就打算，无论我赚多少钱，最终都要回馈社会。起初我认为她会比我长寿，届时她会做出重大决定，确定捐赠的方式。但她去世后，我不得不重新思考如何以最有效的方式将这笔钱投入社会。答案其实就在眼前。我看到比尔和梅琳达在他们的基金会所做的一切。他们用自己的钱投入慈善事业，全身心地付出。他们做出的决策很明智，目标也和我相似。所以，是时候行动了。",[19,35,36],{},"罗斯：比尔已经给了你一本书，让你了解这些问题。",[19,38,39],{},"巴菲特：节目结束后说不定还有个小测验呢。 罗斯：我们会谈到其中一些问题。你对疟疾、肺结核了解多少？",[19,41,42],{},"巴菲特：我觉得他是想让我染上这些病，这样我就能亲身体验并致力于解决了。",[19,44,45],{},"罗斯：你们二位如何看待这件事的意义呢？对你们个人以及你们所投身的事业而言，意味着什么？ 梅琳达：对我们来说，这太棒了，因为我们认为这会让我们的影响力加倍。我们长期致力于解决的疾病防",[19,47,48],{},"治、教育问题以及社会不平等现象，都将因为沃伦的捐赠而获得加倍的资源投入。在全球健康问题上，我们将能够深入开展更多工作，这简直不可思议。",[19,50,51],{},"盖茨：这是一项重大责任。从某种程度上说，如果你用自己的钱做慈善出了差错，可能不会像用别人的钱时那么愧疚。所以现在我们更加专注于把事情做好。这是一个令人兴奋的时期。医学的进步以及其他可以缓解贫困的举措，让我们取得了不错的进展。随着资源翻倍，我们相信我们产生的影响不止翻倍。这很令人激动，但也责任重大。",[19,53,54],{},"查理罗斯：在这里，人们的生活将永远改变。接下来，让我们关注\"捐赠誓言\"计划。比尔盖茨、梅琳达盖茨和沃伦巴菲特在2006 年改变了慈善事业的格局，如今他们再次行动。他们三人今天宣布了一项重大决定，这可能会对慈善界产生深远影响。他们呼吁美国最富有的人承诺将至少一半的净资产捐赠给慈善事业，他们称之为\"捐赠誓言\"。该计划鼓励捐赠者将善款捐给他们喜爱的事业，而非特定的基金会。今天的声明并未要求具体的捐赠数额，只是寻求一种道德承诺。目前已有四人确认参与了这项承诺，他们是Eli & Edythe Broad 夫妇、John Doerr、Gerry Lenfest，以及John & Tashia Morgridge 夫妇。如果这项承诺成功推行，可能会为各种具体需求筹集到 6000 亿美元资金。盖茨夫妇和巴菲特之间的合作由来已久。2006 年，巴菲特承诺将其400 多亿美元财富的99%捐赠给比尔梅琳达盖茨基金会，双方的合作就此拉开序幕。比尔盖茨、梅琳达盖茨和沃伦巴菲特来到节目现场，与我们分享他们当时携手合作的非凡历程。",[23,56,57],{},[58,59,61,62,66,67,70,71],"eli",{"broad":60},"","\n，1933 年出生于美国底特律，是密歇根州最年轻的注册会计师记录保持者，并且从零开始打造了两家财富500 强公司\n",[63,64,65],"span",{},"洛杉矶地产旗舰品牌 KB Home","\n+\n",[63,68,69],{},"保险巨头Sunamerica 被AG 收购","\n。他的名下慈善基金会资产高达26 亿美元。Eli Broad 于2021 年去世，但他与妻子Edythe Broad 共同捐赠了近1 亿美元给母校密歇根州立大学，并冠名了商学楼。此外，他们还捐赠了2800 万美元建造了以他们名字命名的Broad 艺术博物馆，该博物馆由扎哈·哈迪德设计，位于密歇根州立大学校园内，并对公众免费开放。\n",[72,73,74,75],"john",{"doerr":60},"\n，1951 年出生于美国，是KPCB 风险投资公司的合伙人，全世界最具传奇色彩的硅谷风险投资家之一，被誉为风险投资之王。他1974 年加入了早期的Intel 公司，工作涉及产品开发、市场与销售。后创立了一家CAD 软件公司Silicon Compilers，还共同创立了全球第一家宽带运营公司@Home。从1980 年开始John 参与了众多硅谷成功企业的早期投资，包括Google 、SUN、康柏、亚马逊、网景、Intuit、Lotus、赛门铁克、Cypress 、S3、Millennium Pharmaceuticals 等，向250 家美国技术公司投资超过13 亿美元，创造了高达1000亿美元的经济价值。他同时也担任多家上市公司的董事，包括Google 、Intuit、亚马逊、和SUN。\n",[76,77,78,79],"gerry",{"lenfest":60},"\n，美国著名的传媒大亨，费城最具影响力的公民领袖之一。他通过几十年的艰苦创业，与妻子玛格丽特共同建立了自己的有线电视业务，并在2000 年出售了Lenfest Communications Inc.，随后积极投身于慈善事业，公益捐赠总额超过13 亿美元，涉及教育、文化、媒体等多个领域。他曾为费城艺术博物馆、柯蒂斯音乐学院等老牌艺术机构提供资金支持，并担任这些机构的董事长，推动了它们的发展。此外还向美国革命博物馆捐赠了大量资金，并在生命的最后阶段成为报业主，收购了the Inquirer、Daily News 和Philly.com 的出版公司，进一步推动了报纸的数字化整合。Lenfest 于2018 年8 月5 日在宾州去世，享年88 岁。\n",[72,80,81,82],{"morgridge":60},"\n，威斯康星州Wauwatosa 出生，父母均为教师。1988 年加盟思科Cisco 担任CEO。他将一\n",[19,83,84],{},"个年收入只有500 万美元的公司，转变为10 亿美元的巨头，从只有34 人的小型公司变成了2260 人的大公司。后执教于斯坦福商学院研究生院，个人资产达到16 亿美元。他为威斯康星大学和斯坦福大学提供了大量资助。",[19,86,87],{},"罗斯：\"捐赠誓言\"的想法源自沃伦·巴菲特，随后盖茨夫妇组织了一系列晚宴。2009 年，大卫·洛克菲勒在洛克菲勒大学主持了第一场晚宴。之后，美国各地举办的其他晚宴将众多富豪聚集在一起，共同探讨捐赠的经历。\"捐赠誓言\"主要面向美国最富有的亿万富翁，希望它能在全球范围内推广。",[19,89,90],{},"上个月，我飞往华盛顿州雷德蒙德市，与沃伦、比尔和梅琳达就今天的声明进行对话并录制节目。这是他们唯一一次就这项非凡的承诺接受电视采访。除了本期节目，卡罗尔·卢米斯在今天的《财富》杂志上发表了一篇题《6000 亿美元的挑战》的文章。在雷德蒙德微软园区与比尔·盖茨、梅琳达·盖茨和沃伦·巴菲特对话时，我同意在《财富》杂志和本期节目共同发布声明之前，暂不播出这段对话。我们首先问比尔·盖茨，\"捐赠誓言\"是什么，他们希望达成什么目标，以及对其成效有何预期。",[19,92,93],{},"盖茨：其实很简单。这个想法就是，投身慈善事业的人们写一封信，讲述自己的慈善行动，并承诺在生前或通过遗嘱捐赠大部分财富。我们希望把做出这种承诺的人聚集在一起，认为他们可以分享想法、相互学习、彼此鼓励。所以我们现在发起这个倡议，并邀请众多人士加入。",[19,95,96],{},"罗斯：所以捐赠可以在任何时候进行吗？",[19,98,99],{},"梅琳达：可以在任何时候。关键是做出承诺，克服心理障碍，不要总想着以后再考虑，现在就行动起来，认真思考捐赠这件事。我们希望很多人最终选择在有生之年进行捐赠，因为这不仅仅是捐钱的问题。如果他们愿意，也可以选择在去世后捐赠。但当人们开始思考慈善并付诸行动时，就能够改变社会。所以，大家聚在一起，交流各自对慈善的想法，是一件很棒的事情。",[19,101,102],{},"罗斯：\"捐赠誓言\"是一份合同，还是一种道德义务呢？",[19,104,105],{},"巴菲特：这是一种道德义务。我们不希望人们去找律师，要求起草一份40 页、带有28 个免责条款的文件之类的东西。我想说，几乎每个做出这种承诺的人都会遵守誓言。",[19,107,108],{},[109,110,111],"strong",{},"这是一项严肃的承诺，但并非法律意义上的承诺，而是道德承诺。",[19,113,114],{},"罗斯：这与盖茨基金会无关，而是你们希望人们认同的一种理念。其核心是让人们思考慈善，思考什么呢？",[19,116,117],{},"盖茨：这一想法实际上源于我们与一些投身慈善事业的人共进晚餐时的讨论。聆听他们的故事，感受他们的热情，以及了解他们如何随着时间推移而发生改变，这一切都非常美妙。我们觉得这些交流对我们很有帮助，而且在我们举办的三次这样的晚宴上，这些讨论让在场的每个人都充满热情。后来讨论的焦点变成了如何吸引更多人参与。人们往往会拖延，可能是因为他们不了解正在发生的有意义的事情。所以在这些讨论中，\"捐赠誓言\"的想法应运而生，到第三次晚宴时，这个想法已经相当成熟。我们力求保持简单，不搞资金汇集，也不规定哪种捐赠方式才是正确的。这只是一个承诺，做出承诺的人们会相聚在一起，分享各自独特的捐赠方式。",[19,119,120],{},"罗斯：这些晚宴是怎么发起的呢？",[19,122,123],{},"梅琳达：最初，我们谈论的是是什么激发了我们回馈社会的想法，以及如何激励他人也这样做。我想是沃伦最先和我们开启了这个话题，然后我们说，那就把其他人聚在一起讨论吧。于是我们有了举办第一场晚宴的想法，由大卫·洛克菲勒主持。从那以后，这个活动仿佛有了自己的生命力，人们带来了各自的思考和想法。就在那时，我们确定了\"捐赠誓言\"这个想法。我觉得在晚宴上我们学到的一件很酷的事情是，慈善是非常个人化的行为。对我们来说，人们捐赠的对象并不重要，无论是文化、气候、人道主义还是社会问题领域。真正重要的是他们内心的驱动力，正是这种驱动力促使他们去捐赠。我们只是希望确保他们在思考捐赠这件事。现在围绕这个话题，大家都充满热情。",[19,125,126],{},"罗斯：跟我讲讲第一场晚宴的情况吧。当时氛围如何？大家都讨论了什么问题？",[19,128,129],{},"巴菲特：一开始我们心里也没底。大卫·洛克菲勒非常周到地主持了晚宴。当时大概有七对夫妇参加，可能有一两个人是独自前来的。我们围着桌子轮流发言。我请每对夫妇或每个人讲讲他们慈善理念的形成过程，是如何走到今天这一步的，以及他们希望实现什么目标。查理，那场面太不可思议了，围着桌子一圈讨论下来，大概花了两个小时。人们都很乐意分享自己的想法，也很愿意倾听别人的故事。当别人发言时，他们和自己发言时一样专注。所以，等一圈讨论结束，我想我们开始有了一个初步的想法：如果能把这种热情和承诺传递给更多人，或许很多原本打算以后再考虑如何处理财富的人，现在就会积极行动起来。",[19,131,132],{},"罗斯：人们都问了哪些问题呢？",[19,134,135],{},"盖茨：每个人都有自己投身慈善的独特故事，比如是什么吸引他们参与，他们如何让孩子也参与进来，以及他们是如何关注到自己所支持的事业的。大家提了很多问题，讨论了很多话题，各种想法层出不穷。但总体氛围很热烈，大家都希望分享慈善带来的乐趣，让更多人了解慈善的影响力。还有一点我想说，没有人后悔自己做了捐赠。每个人都觉得更有成就感，还能以独特的方式发挥创造力。他们也在思考如何分享这些感受。最终，我们达成了一个非常简单直接的承诺，这将促使人们定期相聚交流。",[19,137,138],{},"巴菲特：查理，我敢打赌，参加这三次晚宴的大概20 对夫妇中，很多人尽管之前就有投身慈善的决心，但离开时都有了新的想法，并且对继续践行慈善更加坚定。我也不知道，也许这就像参加教堂礼拜时会发生的事情吧。但我能确定的是，这种变化很明显。",[19,140,141],{},"罗斯：你们打算如何挑选邀请对象，让他们做出捐赠承诺呢？",[19,143,144],{},"巴菲特：我们本来想从你开始，查理。",[19,146,147],{},"梅琳达：没错。实际上，晚宴上的一些人在结束后马上找到我们，说对这个想法非常感兴趣。目前已经有四个人表示愿意参与，帮助我们吸引更多人进行捐赠。我们会联系参加晚宴的那20 对左右的夫妇，然后我们和他们会继续邀请其他人，告诉他们这是一件可行的事情，希望大家都来参与。",[19,149,150],{},"罗斯：这个计划有组织架构、流程或者专门的组织吗？",[19,152,153],{},"梅琳达：有一个名为thegivingpledge.org 的网站，人们可以访问。我们会在上面公布所有的捐赠承诺，那些签署了\"我将捐赠50%财富\"声明的信件都会展示在上面。人们还会在网站上发表一两页内容，阐述自己的捐赠理念。此外，这个网站还会链接到其他相关网站。有很多人长期致力于捐赠，或者正在考虑捐赠。有一个叫boldergiving.org 的网站，能帮助人们思考如何捐赠，我们会把这些网站链接起来。",[19,155,156],{},"罗斯：如果有人找到你说，我了解了这个计划，能告诉我为什么我应该做出捐赠承诺吗？",[19,158,159],{},"巴菲特：只有当这件事真正吸引你时，你才去做。毕竟这是你的钱。我可以告诉你这对我意味着什么，以及这些年来和我交流过的一些人的看法。每个人的情况都不一样，人们的资产状况和兴趣各不相同。比如，如果家里有人患了某种特殊疾病，他们就更有可能对该疾病的研究等相关领域感兴趣。但我会告诉他们，先确定自己想做什么。很多富人寿命更长，这是财富带来的好处之一。所以，很多遗嘱是八九十岁的老人订立的，那时他们的身体机能和思维能力都不如从前。我在四五年前做出捐赠决定的部分原因是，我不确定自己90 岁时的思维还能否像75 岁时那样清晰。我们只是希望人们确定自己的想法，同时倾听那些已经做出选择的人的经验，看看是否能引起自己的共鸣。我相信很多人会感兴趣的。",[19,161,162],{},"罗斯：这对你来说意味着什么呢？",[19,164,165],{},"巴菲特：实际上，我一生都秉持一种理念，我持有的伯克希尔股票最终都将用于慈善事业。说实话，我拥有生活中想要的一切。我从未因为捐赠而放弃看一场电影、吃一顿晚餐，或是去迪士尼乐园游玩。所以，捐赠对我来说没有任何损失。在我的保险箱里，存放着一些几十年前购买的股票凭证，如今它们的价值大幅增长。这些凭证就像是未来的提货单，但我未来并不需要这些东西。而其他很多人却有着各种各样的需求。通过捐赠，我可以用这些凭证改变他人的生活，让他们过得更好。我的生活已经非常美好，不会再有什么改变能让它变得更好。如果这些股票凭证能够帮助孩子们预防疾病、接受更好的教育，或者让人们在晚年生活得更好，那就太棒了。我想很多人都有同感。",[19,167,168],{},"罗斯：参与这样一项能够影响他人生活的慈善事业，对你来说意味着什么呢？",[19,170,171],{},"盖茨：实际上，这已经成为我们全身心投入的事业，在这个过程中能学到很多东西。我们取得过很大的进展，也遇到过挫折，还建立了许多合作关系。与这个领域的从业者、科研人员交流，都让我们收获颇丰。这比我们预想的有趣得多，也更有意义。现在，机会就在眼前。当然，我们的方式只是众多慈善方式中的一种。但对我个人以及我们夫妻来说，共同参与这项事业是一段非常特别的经历。",[19,173,174],{},"梅琳达：完全正确。回想一下，如果在我们刚订婚或结婚时，有人问我们会不会像现在这样全身心投入慈善事业，我们肯定想不到。我3 月份去了印度，回来后第一个想分享经历的人就是比尔。比尔周六早上刚从印度回来，整个周六我们都在聊他在印度的见闻。能够一起参与慈善事业，见证我们的基金会和我们夫妻在这个过程中的成长，对我们来说非常有意义。在晚宴上和其他家庭交流时，听他们讲述自己的慈善历程，看着他们从一个起点起步，不断发展变化，我想这也是所有投身慈善事业的人都会有的感受，无论他们关注的是什么问题。",[19,176,177],{},"罗斯：为什么现在有些人没有更多地参与慈善呢？是因为觉得慈善很复杂，还是不知道从何做起呢？",[19,179,180],{},"巴菲特：我觉得他们常常推迟做决定，而且有些人会想，比如我要怎么成立一个基金会之类的。或者我要怎么管理慈善事务呢？假设他们拥有一家价值很高的私人企业，他们会想，我现在要怎么在不放弃企业的前提下捐赠呢？其实这些问题都有解决办法。在晚宴上和大家交流时，我们了解到他们是如何处理这些问题的。但有些人可能在没有听取他人经验之前，就只是想着\"我明天再考虑吧\"。",[19,182,183],{},"罗斯：听起来这些晚宴充满了情感交流。",[19,185,186],{},"梅琳达：人们分享着自己的人生故事，讲述自己的奋斗历程。",[19,188,189],{},"巴菲特：确实如此。有时候我感觉自己像个心理医生。他们谈论的内容很多，大多数人都提到孩子参与其中的情况，也有一些人的孩子选择不参与。他们有着各种各样的经历，大家都听得津津有味。你听比尔和梅琳达讲过他们的故事，而我们在晚宴上听了一个又一个故事。在旧金山的那次晚宴上，七对夫妇发言，我们围着桌子讨论了大概三个小时。大家都敞开心扉，真的是畅所欲言。",[19,191,192],{},"盖茨：这确实是一种思维转变。一直以来你都在赚钱，而捐赠是完全不同的事情。你不确定自己能否找到有意义的事情去做，所以需要迈出一小步，尝试一下。你不知道这会带来多大的成就感，还需要确定捐赠的范围，不然收到的捐赠请求会多得让你应接不暇。你还得考虑捐赠的架构，以及如何让更多人参与进来。但这真的很有成就感。这些参与晚宴的人都很有才华，如果他们愿意分享自己的见解，吸引那些同样想投身慈善的优秀人才加入，与他人合作，社会会变得更好。虽然\"捐赠誓言\"计划没有预设具体议程，但我们希望人们能相互认识，找到共同关注的事业并携手合作，无论是什么事业。在晚宴后的交流中，我们已经看到了一些这样的迹象。所以，我们希望有更多人参与进来，积累更多经验，让大家意识到\"现在就开始思考，尽早参与\"。晚宴上的人们也表示，这个计划很直接明了，他们觉得确实应该这样做。",[19,194,195],{},"巴菲特：查理，我觉得人们主要有两个顾虑。一是担心收到过多的捐赠请求，感觉自己的生活就像办公室外排着长队等待帮助的场景，没人希望这样。二是担心自己的钱不能被有效利用。他们会看到关于这个或那个慈善机构的报道，他们习惯在自己的企业里用具体的指标衡量一切，而现在要通过他人去帮助远在万里之外的人，他们想知道如何才能做好这件事。如果他们听听我们接触过的那些人的经验，就会知道如何把慈善做好。而且我们也会教他们如何拒绝那些不合理的请求。",[19,197,198],{},"罗斯：再讲讲晚宴上的情感氛围吧，是什么让这些晚宴成为你们创立这项特殊计划的关键契机？",[19,200,201],{},"梅琳达：我想最让我们惊讶的就是这一点。刚开始举办晚宴时，我们也不知道会有什么收获。但听到夫妇们讲述他们长期以来在慈善问题上的思考与挣扎，真的很触动人心。我记得有一对夫妇的故事特别温馨，丈夫说：\"每次我们长途开车时，只要妻子把收音机音量调低，我就知道她又要和我讨论慈善这个大话题了。\"接着他们谈到了自己做出的最重要的捐赠、第一笔大额捐赠，以及这些捐赠如何引发了后续的善举，还有他们对慈善的看法。晚宴最棒的地方在于，人们分享着自己早年如何专注赚钱，后来思想又如何转变，小额捐赠和大额捐赠对他们产生的不同影响。他们相互交流：\"我最初设定了这样的目标，但不知道该怎么做，后来我是这样学习的。\"还有人会问：\"我也考虑过这个问题，你是怎么解决这个具体问题的呢？\"很多人会谈论自己感兴趣的领域，比如美国的教育问题，或者气候变化问题。我想这就是吸引我们的地方。彼得·辛格在他关于救助生命的书中提到，人们往往会模仿参照群体的行为。所以，如果你看到身边的人做着让你觉得正确的事，而且取得了成功，带来了改变，你就更有可能行动起来，做到最好。对我们来说，围坐在晚宴桌旁，听着这些意想不到的故事，身边的人就是我们的参照群体。",[19,203,204],{},"罗斯：\"捐赠誓言\"成功的衡量标准是什么呢？",[19,206,207],{},"梅琳达：我认为，成功的标志是让这群有影响力的人，也就是这些亿万富翁们，在人生早期就开始思考如何回馈社会，无论是在生前还是去世后进行捐赠，因为他们认真规划了这件事，而不是推迟做决定。只要他们开始思考并付诸行动，我们就成功开启了这个话题，也会为此感到欣慰。我们希望传递这样的理念：这就是对待慈善的正确态度，你应该考虑将自己的财富回馈给社会。",[19,209,210],{},"巴菲特：2008 年是最近有遗产税数据统计的年份，提交的遗产税申报表格显示，美国当年申报的遗产总额约2300 亿美元，但申报数量不到4 万份。其中，约12%的遗产捐赠给了慈善机构。我希望10 年、20 年、30 年后，这个比例能大幅提高。我相信一定会的。",[19,212,213],{},"罗斯：如果\"捐赠誓言\"取得巨大成功，它可能带来哪些改变，会产生怎样的影响呢？",[19,215,216],{},"盖茨：慈善的历史充满了令人惊叹的故事。美国的图书馆事业，卡内基功不可没；一些医学研究，洛克菲勒家族贡献巨大。慈善还能凸显一些社会问题，促使政府介入。比如洛克菲勒曾大力资助美国南方黑人学校，让人们看到了当时存在的严重不公。在当今时代，也有像乔治·索罗斯这样富有创造力的人，在东欧新兴国家积极推动变革，产生了深远影响。他敢于冒险，充满创新精神。查克·费尼也做了很多了不起的事。所以，慈善是有成功范例的。当然，我们鼓励多样性，不希望人们完全照搬前人的模式，因为新的想法往往具有巨大的推动作用。慈善真的能带来改变，这可以说是资本主义最好的一面。有人赚了钱，享受着财富带来的满足感，正如沃伦所说，生活富足、应有尽有。这时，如果能明智地运用财富，意识到自己很幸运，进而为他人创造更好的条件，那就再好不过了。在教育领域，有很多慈善家提供资助，对全球健康和气候变化问题的解决也发挥了重要作用。如果没有慈善，很多事情都无法实现。",[19,218,219],{},"罗斯：但关键在于，就像你在2009 年11 月和我交谈时说的，与我们面临的巨大问题相比，目前慈善事业所取得的成果只是一个小小的开端。",[19,221,222],{},"梅琳达：确实只是开端，还只是冰山一角。但它可以成为解决许多社会问题的切入点。回顾250 年前，亚当·斯密曾说，了解世界其他地方发生的事情几乎没有意义，因为你无法跨越大陆去帮助他人解决问题。但如今，交通和通信的发展让世界紧密相连，个人的力量也能发挥作用。你可以登录keyhave.org 网站，为非洲的一位女性提供农业帮助；在美国，教师会在donorschoose.org 网站上发布教室所需物资，你可以资助她们，确保科学实验室的教学计划得以实施。现在捐赠变得非常容易，无论你想在当地社区做慈善，还是为美国国内的事业捐款，又或是向全球其他地方伸出援手，都能轻松实现。对我来说，这就是慈善事业的新时代，也是\"捐赠誓言\"如此令人激动的原因。",[19,224,225],{},"巴菲特：这次\"捐赠誓言\"是承诺捐赠50%的财富，但有些没有巨额财富却同样有慈善意愿的人，他们可以承诺贡献10%的时间或其他资源。关键是让每个人都思考这个问题。当然，我们无法让所有人都参与进来，但每个人都有机会参与其中，比如去辅导一个小孩。这些人值得赞扬，甚至比我这样只是捐赠股票的人更值得赞扬。",[19,227,228],{},"罗斯：这确实是一个很重要的观点，参与慈善并不局限于亿万富翁。\"捐赠誓言\"不是亿万富翁的专属俱乐部，不是只有他们才能聚在一起试图改变世界。这是一个极具潜力的伟大构想。它有着强大的影响力和潜力。",[19,230,231],{},"梅琳达：没错。对这些亿万富翁来说，做出这样的承诺是正确的选择。但实际上，很多人都在谈论回馈社会。有些人虽然经济条件一般，但愿意奉献自己的时间，或者拿出每周收入的一半用于慈善，在我看来，他们才是慈善界的英雄。所以，我们认为\"捐赠誓言\"对我们认识的这些人来说是正确的选择，同时也希望更多人能受到鼓舞，积极参与慈善，毕竟已经有很多人在身体力行地做慈善了。",[19,233,234],{},"罗斯：你提到过彼得·辛格，他提出收入远低于亿万富翁的人也可以按一定比例捐赠财富，同样能产生影响。",[19,236,237],{},"梅琳达：没错。有个家庭写了一本书分享他们的故事，全家人一起捐赠了一半的财产。他们说要拿出80 万美元用于慈善，甚至卖掉了梦想中的房子。一开始，他们不太愿意公开这件事，因为他们不是为了博眼球，只是觉得这样做很有意义，后来看到自己的行为激励了他人，才决定分享这段经历。",[19,239,240],{},"罗斯：你们从这些经历中学到了什么呢？",[19,242,243],{},"盖茨：要深入具体领域才能学到东西。有些问题非常棘手，比如教育问题，每一点小小的进步都来之不易。",[19,245,246],{},"罗斯：实际上，你说过教育问题比全球健康问题更难解决。为什么这么说呢？",[19,248,249],{},"盖茨：有可能。教育领域不太容易取得突破性进展。我们发现，有很多教育创新者和研发新疫苗的科学家得不到资助。要吸引这些人参与进来，需要花费时间。所以我很欣赏很多慈善家专注于少数几个领域的做法。如果什么都想做，就很难深入了解，也难以积累专业知识。对我们来说，我们选择了几个重点领域进行帮助，健康和教育是重中之重。我们很庆幸做了这样的选择，也会继续专注于此。但慈善事业需要大家共同参与，要有各种各样的捐赠者，因为还有很多我们没有涉及的事业也需要支持。",[19,251,252],{},"罗斯：慈善事业能带来一种群体支持的力量。",[19,254,255],{},"梅琳达：这就是为什么人们做出捐赠承诺后，我们每年会把大家聚在一起，讨论这些问题，还会举办研讨会。我们希望这个活动能持续发展，大家可以交流\"你是怎么开始做慈善的\"。我们也会继续参与，不断学习。我们期待这个活动能够发展壮大，大家能持续相聚交流。",[19,257,258],{},"巴菲特：人们在思考如何让孩子参与慈善时遇到了一些难题。有些人成功了，有些人还在摸索。但如果多听听成功人士的经验，会有更多人成功引导孩子参与进来。",[19,260,261],{},"罗斯：据说，如今的年轻企业家比以往任何时候都更早地思考慈善问题。这是你们观察到的现象吗？",[19,263,264],{},"盖茨：我觉得是这样。过去，大多数人很晚才开始考虑慈善。但现在，有些人在三四十岁就能凭借科技创业积累财富，情况有所不同。到了五十岁甚至更早，他们就会思考是否应该把注意力转移到慈善上，或者能否在继续工作的同时，以有意义的方式捐赠财富。一开始，我也不太确定能否兼顾工作和慈善，但和梅琳达商量后，我们找到了平衡的方法。未来会有更多成功人士在更长时间里深入参与慈善事业，这在慈善历史上并不常见。",[19,266,267],{},"罗斯：如果有人找到你说，我想效仿你们，亲自参与慈善工作。你会建议他这么做吗？",[19,269,270],{},"盖茨：如果他对此充满热情，那当然应该去做。因为在这个过程中，你会结识很多人，经历很多事，这些收获不逊色于你创造财富时的经历。参与慈善还能拓宽个人视野，丰富人生阅历。",[19,272,273],{},"罗斯：梅琳达，你全职投入慈善事业的时间比比尔更长。在你看来，对慈善事业的认知、对其可能性和潜力的看法，经历了怎样的变化呢？",[19,275,276],{},"梅琳达：以前，我有时会有些担忧。去印度或孟加拉国时，我会想，天啊，看到这么多需要帮助的人，回来后我会不会感到无力和沮丧？但实际上，每次去实地考察回来，我都会发现一些新的机会、新的可能性，或是新的解决问题的思路。所以每次回来我都充满干劲，然后和比尔坐下来讨论，阅读更多资料，召集专家，了解问题的全貌，看看有哪些可行的解决方案。每一次经历都是一次积累。我觉得我们现在做慈善还是保持着这样的节奏。在我们关注的领域，我们还在不断学习。2006 年沃伦做出了惊人的捐赠决定，他告诉我们继续做正在做的事，不要盲目扩张领域，但要勇于冒险。我想我们一直在努力学习，不断进步，作为夫妻和基金会，与身边的人一起成长。",[19,278,279],{},"盖茨：我觉得一开始人们可能会有些退缩，尤其是那些善于分析的人。当他们了解到一些情况，比如学校的状况比想象中糟糕，非洲贫困人口的食物问题比想象中严重，可能会感到沮丧。但一旦深入了解，看到通过组织妇女团体、提供优质种子，或者推动政府合理调配资源等方式取得的成效，他们就会看到成功的案例。梅琳达说得对，这个阶段更重要的是……",[19,281,282],{},"罗斯：你们和伦敦、巴黎等地的人交流过，他们的反应和美国人有什么不同吗？",[19,284,285],{},"盖茨：我们发现一个差异在于，如果是第一代富豪，也就是自己创造财富的人，他们更倾向于自主决定把大部分财富回馈社会，并选择具体的慈善方向。美国有很多白手起家的富豪，他们积累了大量财富，也勇于冒险，这使得美国的慈善事业更为发达。如今在印度和中国，也出现了类似的情况。有些富豪不仅承诺捐赠一半财富，甚至有人几乎捐出全部身家。所以我觉得文化差异并没有那么大。重要的是让那些创造财富的人认真思考沃伦所说的\"财富兑现\"问题，也就是如何运用财富回馈社会。",[19,287,288],{},"罗斯：没错。在了解这个计划的过程中，有一点很令人感慨，那就是资金需求非常迫切。尽管你们和基金会已经拥有很多资源，但需要帮助的地方太多了，关键还是要筹集更多资金。",[19,290,291],{},"梅琳达：需求确实巨大。任何投身慈善的人都应该明白，个人的捐赠只是起到推动作用，只是解决问题的一个切入点。因为与全球的需求相比，慈善资金只是杯水车薪。所以我们要思考，慈善组织的理念、用资金尝试新方法解决问题的冒险精神，如何传播开来，进而推动社会问题的解决？当关注重大社会问题时，就应该从这个角度去思考。",[19,293,294],{},"巴菲特：顺便说一句，对于一些成功人士来说，如果你能向他们展示如何让捐赠发挥更大的影响力，他们会很感兴趣。",[19,296,297],{},"罗斯：你很懂\"影响力\"这个概念。",[19,299,300],{},"巴菲特：当然，也有些人只是出于情感因素，比如看到残疾儿童就想要提供帮助。人们做慈善的动机各不相同，影响力因素很重要。",[19,302,303],{},"盖茨：我觉得我们所处的时代很特别，很多问题都有解决的可能。地球上的每个人都能接受良好的教育吗？都能获得足够的食物吗？我们能否通过改善教育体系，让\"美国梦\"中的机会平等惠及更多人？这些目标并非遥不可及。50 年前的慈善家可能无法想象这些目标能够实现。那时，关注身边或本国的问题就已经足够。但如今全球财富总量惊人，只是分配不均，而这种激励机制本身并没有错。如何在保持激励机制的同时实现公平呢？慈善就是答案之一。政府项目与慈善事业相结合，才能实现两者的优势互补。",[19,305,306],{},"巴菲特：就富豪参与慈善这件事，我认为这对他们的家庭也有好处。看看洛克菲勒家族，约翰·D·洛克菲勒一世的后代们受其影响，在慈善方面积极作为，这为家族树立了良好的榜样，与那些不重视慈善的家族形成了鲜明对比。我想说，很少有家族会因为积极参与慈善而受到负面影响，相反，很多家族会从中受益。就我自己的家庭而言，慈善活动带来了很多积极影响。",[19,308,309],{},"罗斯：跟我讲讲具体有哪些影响。",[19,311,312],{},"巴菲特：我有三个孩子，我和妻子支持他们开展自己的慈善活动。我觉得他们因此成为了更好的公民，对世界上存在的问题更加敏感和关注。我相信他们也会更好地教育自己的孩子。因为参与慈善，他们的价值观得到了提升。这很大程度上要归功于我的妻子，最初是她引导孩子们关注慈善。孩子们不仅意识到自己能为世界做些什么，还积极行动起来，将自身的能力和才华与捐赠的资金结合，投身慈善事业。我觉得他们对自己更有信心，他们的孩子也会受到积极影响。我作为家长，也为他们感到骄傲。总体来说，一个热衷慈善的家族，相比那些一毛不拔的家族，会对自己和后代更有信心，更有成就感。",[19,314,315],{},"梅琳达：想想慈善事业的未来，以及年轻一代的情况。几年前，谁能想到普利策奖获奖作品《山外有山》讲述的是保罗·法默的故事呢？他最初得到了波士顿慈善家汤姆·怀特的大力支持。63 岁的汤姆·怀特遇到了23 岁正在哈佛医学院求学的保罗·法默，两人一拍即合。保罗在海地创办了诊所，如今已经发展到多家。他还前往卢旺达，与卢旺达政府合作，致力于改善当地的医疗体系。因为这个故事，很多大学生甚至高中生都开始思考慈善。《山外有山》成为了他们的必读书目。孩子们会想，我也能像保罗·法默一样，为发展中国家带来改变。但保罗需要有人支持，这说明各个环节相互关联。我觉得现在的年轻一代很早就开始思考如何回馈社会，以及回馈社会对自己的人生有何意义，这是非常好的现象。",[19,317,318],{},"罗斯：随着\"捐赠誓言\"计划的推进，未来会有更多发展吗？比如，除了网站之外，是否会形成更完善的组织架构？如果这个计划取得巨大成功，可能需要更完善的体系来支撑。你为什么笑呢？",[19,320,321],{},"巴菲特：我觉得这会发展成为一场运动，而且很可能会以某种形式组织起来。从已经做出承诺的20 多个人身上，就能感受到这种趋势。他们不仅自己积极参与，还想把这个理念传递给更多人。",[19,323,324],{},"罗斯：他们想积极推广这个理念。",[19,326,327],{},"巴菲特：没错。而且在这个过程中，如何明智地管理资产、合理分配捐赠资金等问题也很重要。谁知道呢？但他们肯定希望分享经验。显然，我们应该提供帮助，随着时间推移，大家也应该共同建立一个平台，定期为分享经验提供场所。不同的人对慈善的方向会有不同的见解，我不会去评判。但只要他们的观点合理，就让他们去和其他人交流分享。",[19,329,330],{},"梅琳达：我认为这四个家庭已经表示愿意参与推动这件事。他们也会和朋友们分享。一旦有了最初的一批参与者，这个计划就会有自己的发展动力，他们会决定具体的实施方式。随着大家在秋季首次相聚交流，了解哪些做法有效，这个计划可能会随着时间不断演变。所以，目前的想法就是先推动计划开展，看看自然发展会带来什么成果，但核心是让大家认为这对参与的群体来说是正确的选择。",[19,332,333],{},"巴菲特：这些人都是实干家。没有一个是退缩不前的人。",[19,335,336],{},"盖茨：没错，这一点很明显。",[19,338,339],{},"罗斯：不过，我还想回到之前的话题。跟我讲讲在这些会议中，有哪些让你深受触动的事情。",[19,341,342],{},"盖茨：像Chuck Feeney，他几乎捐出了自己的全部身家，这是个了不起的故事。还有Ted Turner，他勇于开拓新的慈善领域，还希望其他人也能这么做。也有人是因为发现了某些迫切的需求而投身慈善，他们甚至没想到自己会被慈善事业吸引，但对这些需求了解得越多，就越觉得自己应该为此做点什么。很多人还谈到了自己的父母，说如果父母看到他们现在做的事会感到很骄傲。",[19,344,345],{},"梅琳达：我记得在一次晚宴上，还有一件事特别感人，就是人们谈到了自己的孩子，讨论要不要让孩子参与慈善。有一对夫妇最初将健康和公共服务领域作为家庭慈善的重点方向，当时他们的孩子刚20 岁出头，他们给了孩子一些钱，支持孩子参与慈善。孩子们让他们在健康和公共服务领域有了一些新的思考方向，这对夫妇为孩子的想法和行动感到无比欣慰。他们说，我们一家人一起做慈善，很享受这个过程。等我们离开后，剩下的捐赠事宜交给孩子，我们对孩子的做法很放心，这种感觉太棒了。",[19,347,348],{},"罗斯：政府应该做些什么来推动这个项目更好地发展呢？",[19,350,351],{},"盖茨：我认为当慈善事业证明某些做法有效时，通过民主机制让政府借鉴慈善领域的实验成果是非常重要的。美国的体系是一个混合体系，有很多慈善行为，比如联合劝募会就支持许多不同的公益事业。实际上，美国政府和非政府组织之间形成了一种互补关系。有趣的是，在中国，目前主要是政府在承担公益责任。所以当我们和中国的富豪交流慈善时，他们会说没有成熟的捐赠渠道。也许中国的富豪们需要做的，就是推动建立更多明确的捐赠渠道，比如明确如何为学校捐赠。在这方面，美国已经积累了很多经验，许多相关组织都是由慈善捐赠和政府支持共同维持运营的。所以我认为美国的模式有值得借鉴的地方。",[19,353,354],{},"罗斯：你们可能知道这些数据，如果有人清楚的话，那肯定是你们。如果《财富》杂志富豪400 强榜单上的人，或者其他类似榜单上的富豪都做出这个捐赠承诺……",[19,356,357],{},"巴菲特：大概能筹集6000 亿美元。少一点的话，5500 亿美元我也能接受。",[19,359,360],{},"罗斯：好的，但继续听我说。想想这笔钱能发挥多大作用，再对比一下盖茨基金会目前的资金规模，以及每年的资金使用比例。从每年对各类有需求领域的捐赠贡献来看，会是怎样的情况呢？",[19,362,363],{},"盖茨：人们至少要捐赠5%的资产，这是规定的最低捐赠比例。按照这个比例计算，每年大概能有300 亿美元。即便这笔钱要分散用于几十个不同的领域，这个数额也相当可观。它能带来的催化作用将是巨大的。其中很大一部分会用于美国国内，也有一部分会投向其他国家。这两个方向都有很多值得投入的地方。",[19,365,366],{},"梅琳达：别忘了，各基金会之间相互推动、相互启发，不断改进捐赠思路。在特许学校运动早期，以及布罗德基金会在教育领域的工作，都给了我们很多启发。我们有很多共同的目标，但看待问题的角度略有不同。伦敦的克里斯·哈恩和杰米·库珀·哈恩创办了儿童投资基金。在艾滋病防治项目的资助上，我们与他们展开合作。他们对资金发放方式以及受资助方资金使用的思考，让我们的资助工作做得更好。",[19,368,369],{},"罗斯：他们的哪些理念对你影响很大，让你觉得在捐赠和推动慈善事业方面非常重要呢？",[19,371,372],{},"梅琳达：他们看待问题的角度稍有不同，比如在艾滋病防治方面，他们会问：\"你以这种方式捐赠资金，但艾滋病防治与营养问题有什么联系呢？母亲需要足够的营养才能喂养婴儿。你在做营养方面的捐赠，但有没有真正考虑到这些关联呢？\"在捐赠决策上，他们比我们考虑得更深入。所以我们反思后调整了思路，从他们的角度审视我们的捐赠项目。当双方从不同角度思考资源分配，并确保有效评估时，这种思想交流非常有意义。我们一直认为自己在评估方面做得不错，但发现他们做得更好，值得我们学习，这是非常好的事情。",[19,374,375],{},"巴菲特：查理，回到那6000 亿美元的话题。新的财富在不断创造，这为慈善事业奠定了基础。长期来看，慈善资金的规模将达到数万亿美元，这不是一次性的静态数字。明年、后年还会有更多财富产生，新富们会参考前人的做法。我们希望能建立一种新的社会规范。",[19,377,378],{},"罗斯：建立一种关于合理捐赠的新规范。你们是怎么确定50%这个捐赠比例的呢？",[19,380,381],{},"巴菲特：我们在讨论小组中探讨过这个问题，但这不是上限。我觉得会有人捐赠超过这个比例，Chuck Feeney 就是一个例子。",[19,383,384],{},"盖茨：讨论时大家的想法是先吸引人们参与进来，因为一旦参与，很少有人会只捐赠50%。从某种意义上说，让人们捐赠大部分财富，这个说法简单明了。做出这个承诺并不容易，需要考虑自己的遗产规划、资产状况以及身边的人。但一旦迈出这一步，我们觉得这个群体的平均捐赠比例会远远超过50%。",[19,386,387],{},"梅琳达：因为一旦开始捐赠，就会形成一种动力。我们早期就是这样，原本计划了捐赠数额，但在过程中发现捐赠带来的快乐超出预期，于是加大了生前捐赠的力度。我想其他人也会有类似的情况。",[19,389,390],{},"罗斯：捐赠带来的快乐是什么呢？",[19,392,393],{},"梅琳达：比如，你知道自己能给美国的一个孩子提供接受优质教育的机会，这就是一种快乐。我们所做的就是为他们创造机会，让他们站在和我们当初因父母的支持而拥有的同样的起跑线上。",[19,395,396,397,400],{},"盖茨：",[109,398,399],{},"可以从两个方面来看待这种快乐。一是结果，二是过程","。在教育领域，你会遇到满怀热忱却又有些无奈的教师，以及潜力尚未被挖掘的学生。当你和他们一起为共同的目标努力时，就会有人提出新的想法。对于那些愿意投入时间的人来说，参与慈善活动和赚钱一样充满吸引力。",[19,402,403],{},"罗斯：从具体成果来看，我们之前讨论过这个项目在解决饥饿、贫困等问题上能发挥的作用。如果能提高贫困地区的生活水平，也会对人口问题产生积极影响。儿童死亡率的数据高得惊人，如果这些都不能让你想要做出捐赠承诺……",[19,405,406],{},"盖茨：事实上，儿童死亡率是可以降低的。每年约有900 万儿童死亡，这只是众多社会问题之一，但它引起了我的关注。人们可以采取不同的方式来降低这个数字，慈善在加速这一进程中能发挥巨大的推动作用——将死亡人数降到600 万、300 万。想象一下，世界会因此变得更加美好。1960 年，这个数字是2000 万，而现在全球出生人口比那时多得多，这说明通过慈善、科学、政府和公众的共同努力，我们已经取得了很大的进步。有些问题看似难以解决，但只要找到正确的方向，就能得到极大的改善。",[19,408,409],{},"罗斯：沃伦，你让很多人变得富有，也认识很多富人。在你认识的这些人中，你觉得这个计划会引起他们的共鸣吗？毕竟你了解他们，也知道他们的想法。",[19,411,412],{},"巴菲特：我认识很多富人，我也认识很多没参与这个计划的富人，我还能补充一点。但我很肯定会的。有些人已经主动投身慈善。早期参与的人中，很多人现在都80 多岁了，他们中有些人捐赠的数额相当可观，不是50%，而是90%甚至95%。还会有更多人加入进来。我从来不会亲自去劝说别人参与，但一旦他们了解到这个计划，看到我们共同的朋友参与其中，肯定会有更多人响应，捐赠更多的钱。",[19,414,415],{},"梅琳达：在过去20 年里，沃伦把他的一些朋友介绍给我们认识。听了他们已经做出的慈善贡献，以及在教育等领域的慈善成果，我们深受启发。我想，正是因为看到了慈善的可能性，很多人才会觉得这件事可行，进而想要参与进来。",[19,417,418],{},"巴菲特：查理，我有一个由50 到60 人组成的圈子，每两年聚一次，我以本·格雷厄姆的名字命名这个圈子。1999 年，我安排比尔在聚会上分享他的慈善理念发展历程。在我们举办聚会的42 年里，我觉得那次分享是大家听得最认真、记得最牢的一次。我敢肯定，那次分享影响了在场58 人中的一些人，在随后的10 到11 年里，他们的慈善行为因此发生了改变。所以，比尔的那次分享……",[19,420,421],{},"罗斯：你觉得是什么让那次分享引起了这么大的共鸣呢？",[19,423,424],{},"巴菲特：他的分享既有理性的思考，又充满情感，讲述了一个年轻人如何一步步走到现在。内容很有吸引力，大家都听得入迷。真希望当时我把它录下来了。我敢保证，在场听了那次分享的50 到60 人里，有些人因为他的话改变了自己的行为，而且他们很庆幸自己这么做了。",[19,426,427],{},"盖茨：那次分享也让我很意外，因为我感受到了大家和我一样对慈善事业的执着和热情，就像我一生对软件事业的投入。那次演讲是我做过的最有意思的演讲之一。看似复杂的健康问题，其实可以归结为几个关键指标，比如儿童存活率、导致死亡的几种疾病，以及一些像疫苗这样的关键要素。重点不在于具体的内容，我想大家惊讶的是，原来我并非只关注可量化的事情，在慈善领域也能看到我思维的转变。那次分享对我来说也很有启发。",[19,429,430],{},"梅琳达：比尔准备那次演讲时，我们一起散步讨论了很久。向别人解释自己的捐赠理念其实很有挑战性。演讲结束后，我们又散步交流，根据大家的反应，思考我们是否要调整自己的捐赠方式。当你向别人讲述自己做慈善的原因和方式时，会收获很多，对我们来说这是很有趣的过程。",[19,432,433],{},"巴菲特：我们和那20 对夫妇交流时，也让他们分享自己的慈善理念。他们来的时候并不知道会被问到这个问题，所以都是即兴分享，但他们都很好地回应了。",[19,435,436],{},"罗斯：你问他们的问题是什么呢？",[19,438,439],{},"巴菲特：我问他们，也是每个人都回答了的问题是：讲讲你们慈善理念的发展历程。你们是如何走到现在这一步的，毕竟一开始你们并非如此。他们都分享了自己的故事，有的和家庭经历有关，有的讲述了自己如何辛苦赚到第一桶金。每个人都有自己的慈善之路，其他人听了这些故事，就像我圈子里的人听了比尔的分享一样，受到了触动。",[19,441,442],{},"罗斯：我记得你说过，比尔准备那次演讲时比你以往看到的任何一次演讲都更认真。",[19,444,445],{},"梅琳达：确实，在很长一段时间里，他真的停下来深入思考，仔细琢磨如何阐述自己在慈善领域的各个方面的想法，他真的非常认真。",[19,447,448],{},"罗斯：所以，我们希望这个计划能让人们像你们说的那样，问问自己如何……",[19,450,451],{},"巴菲特：苏珊当时也在，她还问我：\"你为什么不多捐点呢？\"",[19,453,454],{},"罗斯：这是一个很有影响力的想法。恭喜你们并感谢你们抽出时间来谈论这个计划。\"捐赠誓言\"这个想法值得大家思考。希望大家自己认真想想，也想想我们今天在这里讨论的内容，明确是什么激励着自己，想想那些触动内心、引发情感共鸣的事情，因为这才是慈善的源动力。",[456,457],"hr",{},{"title":60,"searchDepth":459,"depth":459,"links":460},2,[461],{"id":16,"depth":459,"text":17},"访谈与文章",null,"巴菲特、比尔·盖茨共同介绍","md",{},true,88,"\u002Fbuffett\u002Finterview\u002Fba-fei-te-2010nian-juan-zeng-shi-yan-ji-hua",{"title":5,"description":464},"巴菲特：2010年\"捐赠誓言\"计划｜巴菲特","ba-fei-te-2010nian-juan-zeng-shi-yan-ji-hua","buffett\u002Finterview\u002Fba-fei-te-2010nian-juan-zeng-shi-yan-ji-hua","5cDcFeCk4X8PBtMdVH4u06BPnfP0esq4n3VfJ5Ijdog","buffett",[477,482,485,489,492,495,498,502,505,508,512,515,518,522,525,528,532,535,538,542,545,548,552,555,558,562,565,568,572,575,578,582,585,588,592,595,598,602,605,608,612,615,618,622,625,628,632,635,638,642,645,648,652,655,658,662,665,668,672,675,678,682,685,688,692,695,698,702,705,708,712,715,718,722,725,728,732,735,738,742,745,748,752,755,758,762,765,768,772,775,778,782,785,788,792,795,798,802,805,808,812,815,819,822,826,829,833,836,840,843,847,850,854,857,861,864,868,871,875,878,882,885,889,892,896,899,903,906,910,913,917,920,924,927,931,934,938,941,945,948,952,955,959,962,966,969,973,976,980,983,987,990,994,997,1001,1004,1008,1011,1015,1018,1022,1025,1029,1032,1036,1039,1043,1046,1050,1053,1057,1060,1064,1067,1071,1074,1078,1081,1085,1088,1092,1095,1099,1102,1106,1109,1113,1116,1120,1123,1127,1130,1134,1137,1141,1144,1148,1151,1155,1158,1162,1165,1169,1172,1176,1179,1183,1186,1189,1190,1194,1197,1201,1204,1208,1211,1215,1218,1222,1225,1229,1232,1236,1239,1243,1246,1250,1253,1257,1260,1264,1267,1271,1274,1278,1282,1286,1290,1294,1298,1302,1306,1310,1314,1318,1322,1326,1330,1334,1338,1342,1346,1350,1354,1358,1362,1366,1370,1374,1378,1382,1386,1390,1394,1398,1402,1406,1410,1414,1418,1422,1426,1430,1434,1438,1442,1446,1450,1454,1458,1462,1466,1470,1474],{"title":478,"slug":479,"category":480,"order":481},"1956 有限合伙协议","1956-you-xian-he-huo-xie-yi","致股东信",1,{"title":483,"slug":484,"category":462,"order":481},"巴菲特：1951年最看好的股票：GEICO 保险","ba-fei-te-1951nian-zui-kan-hao-de-gu-piao-geico-bao-xian",{"title":486,"slug":487,"category":488,"order":481},"1994年伯克希尔股东大会","1994nian-bo-ke-xi-er-gu-dong-da-hui","股东大会",{"title":490,"slug":491,"category":480,"order":459},"1957 巴菲特致合伙人信","1957-ba-fei-te-zhi-he-huo-ren-xin",{"title":493,"slug":494,"category":462,"order":459},"巴菲特：1953年我最看好的股票：西部保险","ba-fei-te-1953nian-wo-zui-kan-hao-de-gu-piao-xi-bu-bao-xian",{"title":496,"slug":497,"category":488,"order":459},"1995年伯克希尔股东大会","1995nian-bo-ke-xi-er-gu-dong-da-hui",{"title":499,"slug":500,"category":480,"order":501},"1958 巴菲特致合伙人信","1958-ba-fei-te-zhi-he-huo-ren-xin",3,{"title":503,"slug":504,"category":462,"order":501},"巴菲特：1957年我最看好的股票：人寿保险","ba-fei-te-1957nian-wo-zui-kan-hao-de-gu-piao-ren-shou-bao-xian",{"title":506,"slug":507,"category":488,"order":501},"1996年伯克希尔股东大会","1996nian-bo-ke-xi-er-gu-dong-da-hui",{"title":509,"slug":510,"category":480,"order":511},"1959 巴菲特致合伙人信","1959-ba-fei-te-zhi-he-huo-ren-xin",4,{"title":513,"slug":514,"category":462,"order":511},"巴菲特：1957年最看好的股票：油气资产管理公司","ba-fei-te-1957nian-zui-kan-hao-de-gu-piao-you-qi-zi-chan-guan-li-gong-si",{"title":516,"slug":517,"category":488,"order":511},"1997年伯克希尔股东大会","1997nian-bo-ke-xi-er-gu-dong-da-hui",{"title":519,"slug":520,"category":480,"order":521},"1960 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巴菲特致股东信","1973-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",44,{"title":883,"slug":884,"category":462,"order":881},"巴菲特：2003年内布拉斯加大学 林肯分校--领导力课程演讲","ba-fei-te-2003nian-nei-bu-la-si-jia-da-xue-lin-ken-fen-xiao-ling-dao-li-ke-cheng-yan-jiang",{"title":886,"slug":887,"category":480,"order":888},"1974 巴菲特致股东信","1974-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",45,{"title":890,"slug":891,"category":462,"order":888},"巴菲特：2003年对话沃顿商学院学生","ba-fei-te-2003nian-dui-hua-wo-dun-shang-xue-yuan-xue-sheng",{"title":893,"slug":894,"category":480,"order":895},"1975 巴菲特致股东信","1975-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",46,{"title":897,"slug":898,"category":462,"order":895},"巴菲特：2003年对话田纳西大学学生","ba-fei-te-2003nian-dui-hua-tian-na-xi-da-xue-xue-sheng",{"title":900,"slug":901,"category":480,"order":902},"1976 巴菲特致股东信","1976-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",47,{"title":904,"slug":905,"category":462,"order":902},"巴菲特：2003年我为什么不看好美元","ba-fei-te-2003nian-wo-wei-shi-me-bu-kan-hao-mei-yuan",{"title":907,"slug":908,"category":480,"order":909},"1977 巴菲特致股东信","1977-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",48,{"title":911,"slug":912,"category":462,"order":909},"巴菲特：2003年沃伦在担心什么","ba-fei-te-2003nian-wo-lun-zai-dan-xin-shi-me",{"title":914,"slug":915,"category":480,"order":916},"1978 巴菲特致股东信","1978-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",49,{"title":918,"slug":919,"category":462,"order":916},"巴菲特：2003年股息巫术","ba-fei-te-2003nian-gu-xi-wu-shu",{"title":921,"slug":922,"category":480,"order":923},"1979 巴菲特致股东信","1979-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",50,{"title":925,"slug":926,"category":462,"order":923},"2004年：《巴菲特：2004年与塔克商学院学生对谈》","ba-fei-te-2004nian-yu-ta-ke-shang-xue-yuan-xue-sheng-dui-tan",{"title":928,"slug":929,"category":480,"order":930},"1980 巴菲特致股东信","1980-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",51,{"title":932,"slug":933,"category":462,"order":930},"巴菲特：2004年专访苏珊·巴菲特","ba-fei-te-2004nian-zhuan-fang-su-shan-ba-fei-te",{"title":935,"slug":936,"category":480,"order":937},"1981 巴菲特致股东信","1981-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",52,{"title":939,"slug":940,"category":462,"order":937},"巴菲特：2004年对话奥奎尔俱乐部","ba-fei-te-2004nian-dui-hua-ao-kui-er-ju-le-bu",{"title":942,"slug":943,"category":480,"order":944},"1982 巴菲特致股东信","1982-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",53,{"title":946,"slug":947,"category":462,"order":944},"巴菲特：2004年对话沃顿商学院学生","ba-fei-te-2004nian-dui-hua-wo-dun-shang-xue-yuan-xue-sheng",{"title":949,"slug":950,"category":480,"order":951},"1983 巴菲特致股东信","1983-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",54,{"title":953,"slug":954,"category":462,"order":951},"巴菲特：2004年模糊数学与股票期权","ba-fei-te-2004nian-mo-hu-shu-xue-yu-gu-piao-qi-quan",{"title":956,"slug":957,"category":480,"order":958},"1984 巴菲特致股东信","1984-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",55,{"title":960,"slug":961,"category":462,"order":958},"与沃伦·巴菲特的问答纪要 2005年","ba-fei-te-2005nian-jia-zhou-da-xue-luo-shan-ji-fen-xiao-an-de-sen-guan-li-xue-yuan-nan-jia-zhou-da-xue-ma-xie-er-shang-xue-yuan-wen-da-ji-yao",{"title":963,"slug":964,"category":480,"order":965},"1985 巴菲特致股东信","1985-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",56,{"title":967,"slug":968,"category":462,"order":965},"2005年：《巴菲特：2005年与塔克商学院学生对谈》","ba-fei-te-2005nian-yu-ta-ke-shang-xue-yuan-xue-sheng-dui-tan",{"title":970,"slug":971,"category":480,"order":972},"1986 巴菲特致股东信","1986-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",57,{"title":974,"slug":975,"category":462,"order":972},"巴菲特：2005年回忆进入证券行业","ba-fei-te-2005nian-hui-yi-jin-ru-zheng-quan-xing-ye",{"title":977,"slug":978,"category":480,"order":979},"1987 巴菲特致股东信","1987-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",58,{"title":981,"slug":982,"category":462,"order":979},"巴菲特：2005年对话内布拉斯加大学学生","ba-fei-te-2005nian-dui-hua-nei-bu-la-si-jia-da-xue-xue-sheng",{"title":984,"slug":985,"category":480,"order":986},"1988 巴菲特致股东信","1988-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",59,{"title":988,"slug":989,"category":462,"order":986},"巴菲特：2005年对话堪萨斯大学学生","ba-fei-te-2005nian-dui-hua-kan-sa-si-da-xue-xue-sheng",{"title":991,"slug":992,"category":480,"order":993},"1989 巴菲特致股东信","1989-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",60,{"title":995,"slug":996,"category":462,"order":993},"巴菲特：2005年对话范德比尔特大学学生","ba-fei-te-2005nian-dui-hua-fan-de-bi-er-te-da-xue-xue-sheng",{"title":998,"slug":999,"category":480,"order":1000},"1990 巴菲特致股东信","1990-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",61,{"title":1002,"slug":1003,"category":462,"order":1000},"巴菲特：2006年与沃顿商学院学生问答","ba-fei-te-2006nian-yu-wo-dun-shang-xue-yuan-xue-sheng-wen-da",{"title":1005,"slug":1006,"category":480,"order":1007},"1991 巴菲特致股东信","1991-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",62,{"title":1009,"slug":1010,"category":462,"order":1007},"巴菲特：2006年巴菲特慈善捐赠专访","ba-fei-te-2006nian-ba-fei-te-ci-shan-juan-zeng-zhuan-fang",{"title":1012,"slug":1013,"category":480,"order":1014},"1992 巴菲特致股东信","1992-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",63,{"title":1016,"slug":1017,"category":462,"order":1014},"巴菲特：2006年慈善捐赠承诺","ba-fei-te-2006nian-ci-shan-juan-zeng-cheng-nuo",{"title":1019,"slug":1020,"category":480,"order":1021},"1993 巴菲特致股东信","1993-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",64,{"title":1023,"slug":1024,"category":462,"order":1021},"巴菲特：2006年我为什么慷慨解囊","ba-fei-te-2006nian-wo-wei-shi-me-kang-kai-jie-nang",{"title":1026,"slug":1027,"category":480,"order":1028},"1994 巴菲特致股东信","1994-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",65,{"title":1030,"slug":1031,"category":462,"order":1028},"巴菲特：2006年给全体经理人备忘录","ba-fei-te-2006nian-gei-quan-ti-jing-li-ren-bei-wang-lu",{"title":1033,"slug":1034,"category":480,"order":1035},"1995 巴菲特致股东信","1995-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",66,{"title":1037,"slug":1038,"category":462,"order":1035},"巴菲特：2007年11月和比尔·盖茨、大学生对话实录（节目《富豪面对面》）","ba-fei-te-2007nian-11yue-he-bi-er-gai-ci-da-xue-sheng-dui-hua-shi-lu-jie-mu-fu-hao-mian-dui-mian",{"title":1040,"slug":1041,"category":480,"order":1042},"1996 巴菲特致股东信","1996-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",67,{"title":1044,"slug":1045,"category":462,"order":1042},"巴菲特：2007年对话佐治亚大学学生","ba-fei-te-2007nian-dui-hua-zuo-zhi-ya-da-xue-xue-sheng",{"title":1047,"slug":1048,"category":480,"order":1049},"1997 巴菲特致股东信","1997-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",68,{"title":1051,"slug":1052,"category":462,"order":1049},"巴菲特：2007年巴菲特接见Dardashti","ba-fei-te-2007nian-ba-fei-te-jie-jian-dardashti",{"title":1054,"slug":1055,"category":480,"order":1056},"1998 巴菲特致股东信","1998-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",69,{"title":1058,"slug":1059,"category":462,"order":1056},"巴菲特：2007年接受央视专访","ba-fei-te-2007nian-jie-shou-yang-shi-zhuan-fang",{"title":1061,"slug":1062,"category":480,"order":1063},"1999 巴菲特致股东信","1999-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",70,{"title":1065,"slug":1066,"category":462,"order":1063},"巴菲特：2007年接受欧洲MBA学生专访（珍贵精彩实录）","ba-fei-te-2007nian-jie-shou-ou-zhou-mbaxue-sheng-zhuan-fang-zhen-gui-jing-cai-shi-lu",{"title":1068,"slug":1069,"category":480,"order":1070},"2000 巴菲特致股东信","2000-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",71,{"title":1072,"slug":1073,"category":462,"order":1070},"巴菲特：2007年查理罗斯专访","ba-fei-te-2007nian-cha-li-luo-si-zhuan-fang",{"title":1075,"slug":1076,"category":480,"order":1077},"2001 巴菲特致股东信","2001-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",72,{"title":1079,"slug":1080,"category":462,"order":1077},"巴菲特：2008年21 世纪经济领导者采访","ba-fei-te-2008nian-21-shi-ji-jing-ji-ling-dao-zhe-cai-fang",{"title":1082,"slug":1083,"category":480,"order":1084},"2002 巴菲特致股东信","2002-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",73,{"title":1086,"slug":1087,"category":462,"order":1084},"巴菲特：2008年买入美国正当时","ba-fei-te-2008nian-mai-ru-mei-guo-zheng-dang-shi",{"title":1089,"slug":1090,"category":480,"order":1091},"2003 巴菲特致股东信","2003-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",74,{"title":1093,"slug":1094,"category":462,"order":1091},"巴菲特：2008年对话IVEY 商学院学生","ba-fei-te-2008nian-dui-hua-ivey-shang-xue-yuan-xue-sheng",{"title":1096,"slug":1097,"category":480,"order":1098},"2004 巴菲特致股东信","2004-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",75,{"title":1100,"slug":1101,"category":462,"order":1098},"巴菲特：2008年对话商学院学生","ba-fei-te-2008nian-dui-hua-shang-xue-yuan-xue-sheng",{"title":1103,"slug":1104,"category":480,"order":1105},"2005 巴菲特致股东信","2005-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",76,{"title":1107,"slug":1108,"category":462,"order":1105},"巴菲特：2008年对话瑞士洛桑国际管理学院","ba-fei-te-2008nian-dui-hua-rui-shi-luo-sang-guo-ji-guan-li-xue-yuan",{"title":1110,"slug":1111,"category":480,"order":1112},"2006 巴菲特致股东信","2006-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",77,{"title":1114,"slug":1115,"category":462,"order":1112},"巴菲特：2008年怀念恩师格雷厄姆","ba-fei-te-2008nian-huai-nian-en-shi-ge-lei-e-mu",{"title":1117,"slug":1118,"category":480,"order":1119},"2007 巴菲特致股东信","2007-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",78,{"title":1121,"slug":1122,"category":462,"order":1119},"巴菲特：2008年给保尔森的信","ba-fei-te-2008nian-gei-bao-er-sen-de-xin",{"title":1124,"slug":1125,"category":480,"order":1126},"2008 巴菲特致股东信","2008-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",79,{"title":1128,"slug":1129,"category":462,"order":1126},"巴菲特：2008年解析经济危机","ba-fei-te-2008nian-jie-xi-jing-ji-wei-ji",{"title":1131,"slug":1132,"category":480,"order":1133},"2009 巴菲特致股东信","2009-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",80,{"title":1135,"slug":1136,"category":462,"order":1133},"巴菲特：2008年财富杂志：沃伦之思","ba-fei-te-2008nian-cai-fu-za-zhi-wo-lun-zhi-si",{"title":1138,"slug":1139,"category":480,"order":1140},"2010 巴菲特致股东信","2010-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",81,{"title":1142,"slug":1143,"category":462,"order":1140},"巴菲特：2009年CNBC 专访","ba-fei-te-2009nian-cnbc-zhuan-fang",{"title":1145,"slug":1146,"category":480,"order":1147},"2011 巴菲特致股东信","2011-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",82,{"title":1149,"slug":1150,"category":462,"order":1147},"巴菲特：2009年对话六所商学院学生","ba-fei-te-2009nian-dui-hua-liu-suo-shang-xue-yuan-xue-sheng",{"title":1152,"slug":1153,"category":480,"order":1154},"2012 巴菲特致股东信","2012-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",83,{"title":1156,"slug":1157,"category":462,"order":1154},"巴菲特：2009年对话哥大商学院学生","ba-fei-te-2009nian-dui-hua-ge-da-shang-xue-yuan-xue-sheng",{"title":1159,"slug":1160,"category":480,"order":1161},"2013 巴菲特致股东信","2013-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",84,{"title":1163,"slug":1164,"category":462,"order":1161},"巴菲特：2009年恐慌是会传染的，我们必须做点什么","ba-fei-te-2009nian-kong-huang-shi-hui-chuan-ran-de-wo-men-bi-xu-zuo-dian-shi-me",{"title":1166,"slug":1167,"category":480,"order":1168},"2014 伯克希尔的过去现在与未来","2014-bo-ke-xi-er-de-guo-qu-xian-zai-yu-wei-lai",85,{"title":1170,"slug":1171,"category":462,"order":1168},"巴菲特：2009年收购BNSF 铁路","ba-fei-te-2009nian-shou-gou-bnsf-tie-lu",{"title":1173,"slug":1174,"category":480,"order":1175},"2014 副董事长的思考","2014-fu-dong-shi-chang-de-si-kao",86,{"title":1177,"slug":1178,"category":462,"order":1175},"巴菲特：2009年美元效应","ba-fei-te-2009nian-mei-yuan-xiao-ying",{"title":1180,"slug":1181,"category":480,"order":1182},"2014 巴菲特致股东信","2014-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",87,{"title":1184,"slug":1185,"category":462,"order":1182},"教学方法期刊","ba-fei-te-2009nian-a-ke-lun-da-xue-shang-xue-yuan-wen-da-shi-lu",{"title":1187,"slug":1188,"category":480,"order":468},"2015 巴菲特致股东信","2015-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",{"title":5,"slug":472,"category":462,"order":468},{"title":1191,"slug":1192,"category":480,"order":1193},"2016 巴菲特致股东信","2016-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",89,{"title":1195,"slug":1196,"category":462,"order":1193},"巴菲特：2010年CNBC 专访","ba-fei-te-2010nian-cnbc-zhuan-fang",{"title":1198,"slug":1199,"category":480,"order":1200},"2017 巴菲特致股东信","2017-ba-fei-te-zhi-gu-dong-xin",90,{"title":1202,"slug":1203,"category":462,"order":1200},"巴菲特：2010年与罗克国度创始人、福布斯主编对谈","ba-fei-te-2010nian-yu-luo-ke-guo-du-chuang-shi-ren-fu-bu-si-zhu-bian-dui-tan",{"title":1205,"slug":1206,"category":480,"order":1207},"2018 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